Understand the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and management of coronary artery disease and its clinical complications.

Coronary atherosclerosis, risk factors, stable angina, acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, ischemia, diagnostic testing, revascularization, and secondary prevention.

Assess patients with suspected or established coronary disease, interpret relevant investigations, recognize acute presentations, and support evidence-based management.

Recognize and manage major forms of heart failure and understand their clinical progression and complications.

Heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, acute and chronic failure, symptoms, signs, investigations, congestion, hemodynamics, and guideline-based therapies.

Evaluate severity, interpret cardiac investigations, identify decompensation, initiate appropriate management, and recognize patients requiring advanced care.

Assess common valvular disorders and understand their effects on cardiac function and clinical management.

Aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valve disease, stenosis, regurgitation, murmurs, echocardiographic assessment, complications, and intervention.

Recognize valve disease patterns, interpret relevant investigations, assess severity, identify complications, and determine appropriate management pathways.

Identify and manage common cardiac rhythm disorders and understand their effects on cardiac function.

Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, conduction disorders, ECG interpretation, pacing, and cardioversion.

Interpret ECG findings, recognize clinically significant arrhythmias, assess associated risks, and select appropriate acute and long-term management approaches.

Understand congenital cardiac abnormalities and their presentation, investigation, follow-up, and management.

Common congenital defects, shunts, cyanotic and acyanotic disease, adult congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, complications, and corrective procedures.

Recognize congenital heart disease, interpret relevant clinical and imaging findings, assess complications, and coordinate appropriate specialist management.

Apply professional, ethical, and patient-centered principles in cardiology practice.

Informed consent, confidentiality, patient rights, professional conduct, communication, shared decision-making, scope of practice, and ethical responsibilities.

Communicate effectively, protect patient confidentiality, obtain appropriate consent, respect patient preferences, and maintain professional standards.

Understand cardiovascular manifestations and management considerations associated with systemic diseases.

Diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, thyroid disorders, autoimmune disease, metabolic disorders, systemic inflammation, and multisystem conditions affecting cardiovascular health.

Recognize cardiovascular involvement in systemic disease, integrate clinical findings, assess risk, and adapt cardiology management appropriately.

Recognize, investigate, and manage common pericardial disorders and their complications.

Acute and chronic pericarditis, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, causes, clinical features, ECG, echocardiography, and treatment.

Identify pericardial disease, recognize hemodynamic compromise, interpret relevant investigations, and initiate appropriate management or urgent referral.

Understand the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and complications of infective endocarditis.

Risk factors, causative organisms, clinical manifestations, blood cultures, echocardiography, antimicrobial therapy, complications, embolic events, and prevention.

Recognize suspected infection, evaluate diagnostic findings, initiate appropriate investigations, monitor complications, and coordinate multidisciplinary management.

Recognize peripheral vascular disorders and understand their relationship to overall cardiovascular risk.

Peripheral arterial disease, atherosclerosis, risk factors, intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia, vascular assessment, diagnostic testing, and treatment.

Assess vascular symptoms and risk, interpret appropriate investigations, recognize severity, and support medical, preventive, or interventional management.

Understand the classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and management of cardiomyopathies.

Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic and other cardiomyopathies, genetics, imaging, heart failure, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac risk, and treatment.

Differentiate cardiomyopathy patterns, interpret diagnostic findings, assess complications and risk, and support appropriate medical or device-based management.

Apply principles of cardiovascular pharmacology to the management of common cardiac conditions.

Antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, antianginals, lipid-lowering agents, heart failure therapies, antiarrhythmics, diuretics, mechanisms, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects.

Select and monitor appropriate cardiovascular medications, recognize interactions and adverse effects, and adjust treatment considerations according to clinical circumstances.