Understand the distribution, determinants, patterns, and measurement of disease and health events in populations.

Incidence, prevalence, mortality, morbidity, risk factors, measures of association, study designs, screening, surveillance, bias, and confounding.

Interpret epidemiological data, select appropriate measures, evaluate disease patterns, and apply epidemiological principles to community health problems.

Apply preventive strategies to reduce disease occurrence, complications, disability, and premature mortality.

Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, immunization, screening, risk reduction, health promotion, and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Select appropriate preventive measures, identify target populations, interpret screening strategies, and support population-level disease prevention.

Understand basic statistical concepts and research methods used in public health and community medicine.

Data types, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, sampling, research design, validity, and reliability.

Interpret statistical results, evaluate research designs, identify methodological limitations, and apply evidence to public-health decision-making.

Understand the organization, planning, management, and evaluation of healthcare services and programs.

Health systems, planning, resource allocation, leadership, quality improvement, program evaluation, healthcare delivery, and performance indicators.

Assess service needs, interpret performance data, prioritize resources, and support effective management of healthcare programs.

Understand the use of health information systems and data in population health planning and healthcare delivery.

Health records, surveillance systems, data quality, health indicators, databases, confidentiality, information management, and digital health applications.

Interpret health-information data, identify data-quality issues, use information for planning, and maintain appropriate confidentiality and data governance.

Apply health education and communication principles to improve health knowledge, behavior, and community participation.

Health promotion, behavior change, communication methods, community engagement, counseling principles, educational strategies, and health literacy.

Develop appropriate health messages, select communication methods, address barriers to behavior change, and evaluate health-education activities.

Understand population-level approaches to protecting and improving maternal, newborn, infant, and child health.

Antenatal care, maternal mortality, infant mortality, child growth, immunization, nutrition, reproductive health, and maternal-child health indicators.

Interpret maternal and child health indicators, identify priority problems, and apply preventive and health-promotion strategies.

Understand the principles, functions, and population role of primary health care.

Accessibility, equity, community participation, prevention, continuity of care, intersectoral collaboration, appropriate technology, and essential health services.

Apply primary-health-care principles to community needs, recognize barriers to access, and support equitable and preventive service delivery.

Understand ethical and legal principles relevant to public health, community medicine, and population-based interventions.

Confidentiality, consent, equity, professional responsibility, public-health law, ethical decision-making, reporting obligations, and population rights.

Recognize ethical and legal issues, balance individual and community interests, and apply professional standards to public-health situations.

Understand health promotion, disease prevention, screening, and safety issues affecting school-age populations.

School screening, immunization, nutrition, communicable disease control, mental health, health education, environmental safety, and student wellbeing.

Identify school-health priorities, interpret screening findings, support prevention programs, and recognize conditions requiring referral or public-health action.

Understand nutritional requirements, common nutrition-related disorders, and population strategies for improving nutritional health.

Macronutrients, micronutrients, malnutrition, obesity, nutritional assessment, food security, deficiency disorders, and public-health nutrition programs.

Recognize nutrition-related risks, interpret basic nutritional indicators, and select appropriate prevention and health-promotion strategies.

Understand major health needs, preventive priorities, and community-care considerations affecting older adults.

Healthy aging, chronic disease, disability, falls, polypharmacy, functional assessment, social support, preventive care, and geriatric health services.

Identify elderly-health risks, prioritize preventive interventions, recognize functional concerns, and support appropriate community-based care.

Understand common mental-health problems and population-level approaches to prevention, early recognition, and community support.

Mental-health promotion, common disorders, suicide prevention, stigma, substance use, community mental-health services, screening, and referral pathways.

Recognize population mental-health risks, identify priority groups, support prevention strategies, and determine when referral or intervention is required.

Understand healthcare needs, accessibility issues, and community support requirements for people with special needs.

Disability, rehabilitation, accessibility, inclusion, support services, preventive care, community resources, and barriers to healthcare.

Recognize barriers to care, identify appropriate community resources, support inclusion, and promote equitable access to health services.

Understand occupational hazards, work-related disease prevention, worker protection, and workplace health promotion.

Physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards, occupational diseases, risk assessment, surveillance, prevention, PPE, and workplace safety.

Identify workplace hazards, assess occupational-health risks, recommend preventive measures, and interpret surveillance and exposure information.

Understand environmental factors that influence health and the public-health measures used to prevent environmental disease.

Water, sanitation, waste management, air quality, food safety, pollution, housing, environmental exposure, climate-related risks, and environmental monitoring.

Identify environmental hazards, interpret exposure risks, recommend preventive controls, and support environmental-health protection measures.

Understand major international and global health issues affecting populations across countries and regions.

Global disease burden, international health organizations, emerging infections, migration, health inequalities, global surveillance, outbreaks, and international health cooperation.

Interpret global-health risks, recognize cross-border health issues, evaluate international public-health priorities, and apply population-health principles in global contexts.