Knowledge to Review: Study the components and operating principles of hemodialysis machines, including blood pumps, dialyzers, extracorporeal blood circuits, dialysate delivery systems, pressure monitors, and safety alarms. Review diffusion, ultrafiltration, dialysate composition, blood flow, dialysate flow, and the relationship between dialysis parameters and treatment performance. Understand equipment preparation, infection prevention, prescribed treatment settings, and routine pre-treatment safety checks.

Practical Skills to Review: Recognize the main components of a dialysis machine and understand their functions. Review machine preparation, verification of treatment settings, extracorporeal circuit inspection, and recognition of abnormal equipment readings. Study scenarios involving machine alarms, incorrect settings, equipment faults, and situations requiring immediate action according to approved protocols.

Knowledge to Review: Review the principles of initiating hemodialysis, including patient identification, pre-dialysis assessment, dialysis prescriptions, patient preparation, and verification of vascular access. Study the importance of pre-treatment body weight, blood pressure, pulse, fluid status, prescribed treatment duration, and appropriate equipment readiness. Understand infection-control precautions and factors that may affect the safety of treatment initiation.

Practical Skills to Review: Understand how pre-treatment observations and dialysis prescriptions are reviewed before a session begins. Recognize abnormalities in vital signs, vascular access findings, patient condition, and prescribed treatment parameters. Review safe initiation principles, communication with the responsible clinical team, and recognition of complications requiring immediate assessment.

Knowledge to Review: Study patient monitoring during dialysis treatment, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory status, fluid balance, ultrafiltration, and patient-reported symptoms. Review common intradialytic complications such as hypotension, muscle cramps, nausea, dizziness, bleeding, and vascular access problems. Understand the relationship between fluid removal, patient tolerance, and hemodynamic stability.

Practical Skills to Review: Practice interpreting changes in vital signs and dialysis monitoring information. Recognize clinical findings that may indicate treatment intolerance, circulatory instability, or access-related complications. Review appropriate monitoring, accurate recording of patient observations, and prompt reporting of unexpected changes. Study case scenarios involving intradialytic hypotension, patient discomfort, and machine alarm notifications.

Knowledge to Review: Study the principles of completing a hemodialysis treatment, including treatment completion checks, post-treatment observations, vascular access safety, and equipment handling. Review post-dialysis blood pressure, body weight, fluid removal records, bleeding precautions, and recognition of delayed treatment-related complications. Understand the importance of patient stability before discharge from the treatment area.

Practical Skills to Review: Review the assessment of patient condition after dialysis treatment. Understand the importance of monitoring vascular access sites, identifying post-dialysis bleeding, and recognizing symptoms requiring further evaluation. Study appropriate completion documentation, communication of treatment outcomes, and safe equipment management according to established protocols.

Knowledge to Review: Review dialysis treatment documentation, including patient assessments, prescribed treatment parameters, vital signs, fluid removal, equipment readings, and treatment completion records. Study clinical recordkeeping, patient confidentiality, incident reporting, communication of abnormal findings, and documentation of treatment-related complications. Understand the role of accurate records in patient safety and continuity of care.

Practical Skills to Review: Recognize information that should be recorded before, during, and after dialysis treatment. Review documentation of treatment observations, patient symptoms, equipment alarms, and unexpected events. Understand the importance of complete, timely, and accurate records. Study scenarios involving incorrect documentation, missing observations, and communication failures between healthcare professionals.

Knowledge to Review: Study dialysis machine monitoring, routine equipment inspection, safety checks, preventive maintenance, and quality assurance principles. Review blood pressure monitoring systems, conductivity, temperature control, fluid balance monitoring, alarm functions, and equipment disinfection. Understand the importance of equipment calibration, maintenance schedules, technical documentation, and the prevention of equipment-related harm.

Practical Skills to Review: Recognize abnormal machine readings, equipment malfunctions, and potential safety hazards. Review routine operational checks, identification of machine faults, and proper reporting of technical concerns. Understand when equipment should be removed from clinical use and referred for inspection or repair. Differentiate routine operational monitoring from maintenance requiring qualified technical personnel.

Knowledge to Review: Study the importance of water quality in hemodialysis and the principles of dialysis water treatment. Review reverse osmosis, filtration, disinfection, water system monitoring, chemical contamination, and microbiological water quality concerns. Understand the relationship between unsafe dialysis water and potential patient complications. Review basic water system quality-control principles and the importance of applicable water safety standards.

Practical Skills to Review: Recognize the major components of a dialysis water treatment system. Understand routine water quality monitoring, the significance of abnormal system indicators, and the need for accurate reporting. Review potential water contamination scenarios, appropriate escalation procedures, and the importance of verifying safe water conditions before dialysis use.

Knowledge to Review: Review vascular access used in hemodialysis, including arteriovenous fistulas, arteriovenous grafts, and central venous catheters. Study vascular access anatomy, blood flow, access function, infection prevention, and common complications. Review thrombosis, stenosis, access-site infection, bleeding, and factors affecting long-term vascular access function.

Practical Skills to Review: Recognize different types of dialysis vascular access and understand basic access assessment principles. Review the significance of changes in access appearance, bleeding, swelling, pain, and possible infection. Study infection-control precautions, safe access handling principles, and identification of findings requiring immediate clinical review. Understand the importance of protecting vascular access and reporting potential complications.